Links between Alcohol Consumption and Cancer

Known Links Between Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risk 

Drinking alcohol, even in low to moderate amounts, has been linked to an increased risk of various types of cancer. Here are some key points you should know: 

Breast Cancer: Several studies have found that alcohol consumption, even light to moderate, increases the risk of breast cancer. Light drinking, such as one drink per day for women, can increase breast cancer risk. There is no safe level of alcohol consumption in terms of breast cancer risk. When women consume alcohol, of any amount, it can raise estrogen levels in their bodies, which may explain some of the increased risk. Avoiding or cutting back on alcohol may be an important way for many women to lower their risk of breast cancer.  

Mouth and Throat Cancers: Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for certain types of head and neck cancers, particularly cancers of the oral cavity (excluding the lips), pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box).  

Esophageal Cancer: Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for a particular type of esophageal cancer called esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The risks, compared with no alcohol consumption, range from 30% or higher for light drinking, and up to 400% for heavy drinking. That would equate to two or less drinks a day for men and one for women (light drinking) to four or more drinks on any day for men and eight drinks a week for women (heavy drinking).  

Liver Cancer: Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for – and a primary cause of – liver cancer. Regular, heavy alcohol use can damage the liver, leading to inflammation and scarring. 

Colorectal Cancer: Alcohol consumption is associated with a modestly increased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), moderate drinking (no more than one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men) is associated with a 20% increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with no alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking can increase this risk of cancers of the colon and rectum by 50% compared with no alcohol consumption.